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El primer capítulo del libro llamado Isaías se ve mejor como una antología de palabras del profeta, recogidas aquí para dar al lector una idea del tono y la trama del largo y diverso libro que sigue. El libro como tal comienza con el ‘segundo’ título en el capítulo dos, versículo uno.

Los resultados de esta lectura son esperanzadores, pero apenas estimulantes. El famoso giro hacia la esperanza y la redención en el capítulo cuarenta apenas se vislumbra en el núcleo de la impresionante -cuando se entiende correctamente- promesa de esta introducción selectiva:

Sión será redimida con juicio,
y sus arrepentidos con justicia.

Isaías 1:27 (LBLA)

Entreteniéndose con los famosos conceptos proféticos de mishpat y tsedeqah (más o menos ‘justicia y rectitud’), el profeta y su editor conspiran en afirmar que la eventual restauración de Sión no será una vindicación sino un juicio purificador. No es un día feliz en el calendario en el que uno tacha expectante cada fecha que queda. Es más bien una fundición profundamente dolorosa del metal malo por un Artesano que no dejará las cosas como están.

Mientras tanto, Sión se ha convertido en Gomorra. Es difícil exagerar la violencia emocional de esta afirmación. Todo lo que significa ser ‘elegido’ por YHVH queda prácticamente reducido a la nada, a una patética suma que es menos que nada. La ciudad del gran afecto de Dios recibe el nombre del objeto más notorio de su ira destructiva. Es el equivalente retórico a escupir en la cara de una reina.

Al lector le queda contemplar cómo cualquier proyecto o más bien cómo un proyecto sagrado puede salir tan mal. Uno se queda pensando si algo y alguien estará a salvo. Aparte del fuego de fundición.

YHVH es casi por definición un Dios liberador. Su nombre, revelado en el contexto de la inminente salida de los esclavos hebreos de la ‘casa de su servidumbre’, puede parafrasearse razonablemente como ‘el que está poderosamente presente’. Donde está YHVH, se podría decir, con el peligro de dar una sacudida a la ideología de la calcomanía, suceden cosas. Cosas de la libertad. Cosas de la huida de la esclavitud. Los lazos se rompen, los esclavos marchan, las canciones a todo pulmón declaran la vuelta a lo que hace un momento parecía demasiado pesado para moverse.

Sin embargo, nos resistimos a nuestra libertad, porque casi siempre es gratuita y a la vez inmensamente costosa. YHVH es una deidad que toma la iniciativa y, por lo tanto, tiende a no pedir el pago por adelantado. Está en el negocio de volver a pactar: libera a aquellos sobre los que cae su favor de sus odiosas obligaciones y los coloca en lo que al menos uno de sus profetas llamó un ‘lugar amplio’. Sin embargo, los afortunados que caen bajo sus intenciones liberadoras casi siempre descubren que les cuesta caro. Curiosamente, desarrollamos un marcado gusto por nuestras diversas esclavitudes. Las saboreamos como lo más seguro que conocemos. Llegamos a husmear en la bajeza de todo ello como si tuvieran propiedades vivificantes. Conseguimos ordenar los muebles de nuestra propia celda.

Ante el miedo imposible de que sus amos egipcios se les echen encima, los esclavos hebreos recurren a esa forma en la que los cautivos acaban convirtiéndose en expertos: la queja.

Y al acercarse Faraón, los hijos de Israel alzaron los ojos, y he aquí los egipcios marchaban tras ellos; entonces los hijos de Israel tuvieron mucho miedo y clamaron al Señor. Y dijeron a Moisés: ¿Acaso no había sepulcros en Egipto para que nos sacaras a morir en el desierto? ¿Por qué nos has tratado de esta manera, sacándonos de Egipto? ¿No es esto lo que te hablamos en Egipto, diciendo: «Déjanos, para que sirvamos a los egipcios»? Porque mejor nos hubiera sido servir a los egipcios que morir en el desierto.

Éxodo 14:10-12 (LBLA)

La historia del éxodo terminará con un bullicioso canto de liberación. Pero su primera articulación toma forma en las sílabas resentidas de la murmuración de que era mejor de donde veníamos. La libertad apesta.

Sería estupendo que YHVH realizara su obra sin esta costosa etapa intermedia de participación. Ojalá derribara a los egipcios en el primer capítulo, nos permitiera pasar tranquilamente por encima de sus cadáveres para saquear su plata, y luego salir de la ciudad a paso tranquilo.

Sería lo más eficiente.

Sin embargo, una y otra vez, antes de que podamos gritar que YHVH ha ‘arrojado al mar al caballo y al jinete’, debemos sopesar en la balanza la libertad frente a la conveniente servidumbre y tener muy en cuenta lo mucho que puede costar la libertad.

El desierto en el camino a la tierra prometida es un lugar sumamente aterrador, particularmente cuando los cascos de nuestros castigadores comienzan a sonar en nuestros oídos. Las aguas no suelen separarse. El miedo es un conocido íntimo con el que podemos llegar a un acuerdo razonable. La liberación es el proyecto de YHVH, pero ahora es simplemente nuestra tarea.

Esos egipcios fueron unos buenos anfitriones.

Arguably, the famous ‘parting of the ways’ between synagogue and church—between those Jewish communities that did not see in Jesus of Nazareth a reason for altering the evolving trajectory of Israel and those who saw it as that and more—can be mapped over a handful of biblical texts. If so, then the famous Servant Song that is Isaiah 53 (more precisely, 52.13-53.12) must figure prominently among its peers in such a collection.

Yet our too fast and our contextually inattentive readings of this text blind us to veiled allusions and subdued connections with other Isaianic texts.

Take, for example, the Song’s brief survey of the Servant’s unpromising origins in 53.2. Though not the beginning of the poem, it is the first reversion to incipience after an opening series of three verses (52.13-15) that capture midpoints and endings as a kind of orientational prelude.

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Rarely does the book called Isaiah indulge in retrospect. Particularly in the second half of the book, the operational summons is to sing a new song, to forget the former things, to embrace YHWH’s penchant for doing something shockingly novel.

In this light, the first section of the book’s fifty-first chapter raises a readerly eyebrow.

Listen to me, you that pursue righteousness, you that seek the LORD. Look to the rock from which you were hewn, and to the quarry from which you were dug.

Look to Abraham your father and to Sarah who bore you; for he was but one when I called him, but I blessed him and made him many.

Isaiah 51:1-2 (NRSV)

This chain of three imperatives is manifestly retrospective, although it would be wrong to call it nostalgic.

There must be something about ‘Abraham your father and … Sarah who bore you’ that elevates the ancestral couple as worthy of the exilic community’s contemplation. Indeed, the immediate text signals wherein that virtue lies and the context further ornaments the allusion.

First, the text of these two verses gives every indication of alluding to the famous calling of Abraham, with its promised of remarkably multiplied progeny.

Now the LORD said to Abram, “Go from your country and your kindred and your father’s house to the land that I will show you. I will make of you a great nation, and I will bless you, and make your name great, so that you will be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you, and the one who curses you I will curse; and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed.”

Genesis 12:1-3 (NRSV)

Besides the naming of Abraham and Sarah, the Isaiah text picks up the notion of blessing (ברכה and verbal ברך). Additionally, both texts emphasize the dimension of multiplication towards vastness. In Genesis, this notion manifests as promissory: ‘I will make you a great nation’ (ואעשׁך לגוי גדול) and ‘and make your name great’ (ואגדלה שׁמך). In the allusive Isaiah text, the language is slightly different:

…for he was but one when I called him, but I blessed him and made him many.

Isaiah 51:2 (NRSV)

One discovers, then, in both texts the notion of blessing towards vastness.

So much for the evident textual links that make Isaiah 51.1-2 a recontextualized echo of Genesis 12.1-3.

Yet the Abrahamic motif has not been concluded just yet. In the hands of the Isaianic interpretation of the exiles’ plight, there is more to say.

The clear and immediate insistence is that YHWH is still capable of multiplying his people via blessing towards vastness. What became true of Abraham and Sarah represents an invitation for the exiles to trust YHWH’s intention to multiply them in similar fashion.

Yet it is striking that the ensuing verses are thick with reference to the paradoxical but intensely Isaianic notion of subjugating the nations in those peoples’ own interest.

Listen to me, my people, and give heed to me, my nation; for a teaching will go out from me, and my justice for a light to the peoples.

I will bring near my deliverance swiftly, my salvation has gone out and my arms will rule the peoples; the coastlands wait for me, and for my arm they hope.

Isaiah 51:4-5 (NRSV)

It appears, then, that this forward-looking book finds Abraham and Sarah to be worthy objects for a bit of retrospective pondering. This is so precisely because in the experience of the iconic patriarch and matriarch one discerns YHWH’s purpose to bless his people towards vastness in a way that has global implications for those nations who find themselves conjoined to YHWH’s little tribe.

If the Isaianic tradition constitutes exilic prophets coaxing out the meaning of the prophetic deposit that has become their treasure and also of conjuring the bracing concept of an imminent New Exodus, then it is also true that the tradition can reach even farther back into Israel’s long memory. When it does so, it becomes a summons to trust that YHWH’s stubborn insistence upon blessing not only Abraham and Sarah but also those nations who will look favorably upon them has survived the storm of exile.

In the hands of Isaiah’s interpreters, retrospect becomes prospect and memory, instruction.

Aterrador: Éxodo 14

Con algo parecido a la potencia explicativa del relato del Génesis sobre los orígenes humanos, la historia de los esclavos hebreos que huyen de su ‘casa de servidumbre’ en el libro del Éxodo golpea al oyente con una inmediatez impresionante. Reconocemos nuestro propio terror en el de ellos, acorralados por el mar delante, asediados por el pisoteo de las botas egipcias, llevados casi a la locura por el relincho de los caballos egipcios detrás de ellos.

Entonces los egipcios los persiguieron con todos los caballos y carros de Faraón, su caballería y su ejército, y los alcanzaron acampados junto al mar, junto a Pi-hahirot, frente a Baal-zefón. Y al acercarse Faraón, los hijos de Israel alzaron los ojos, y he aquí los egipcios marchaban tras ellos; entonces los hijos de Israel tuvieron mucho miedo y clamaron al Señor.

Éxodo 14:9-10 (LBLA)

Es muy familiar, este atrapamiento, estas esperanzas frustradas de libertad, estos remordimientos de adrenalina.

Así también, el ácido que sube sin fricción a sus lenguas secas:

Y dijeron a Moisés: ¿Acaso no había sepulcros en Egipto para que nos sacaras a morir en el desierto? ¿Por qué nos has tratado de esta manera, sacándonos de Egipto?

Éxodo 14:11 (LBLA)

Estos miedos son nuestros, este giro a nuestro liberador lleva nuestra impronta, este espejo muestra nuestros rostros con una distorsión casi nula. En los momentos en los que se presenta como lucidez despavorida, sabemos exactamente lo que se puede y no se puede hacer por nosotros, con nosotros, en nosotros. Nos preguntamos en qué estábamos pensando cuando nos sumimos en sueños de cosas mejores que lo que ahora parece ser como la buena vida de servir a nuestros malditos y azotadores egipcios. En aquel entonces, nadie estaba tan loco como para hablar de libertad.

Qué tiempos aquellos.

¿No es esto lo que te hablamos en Egipto, diciendo: «Déjanos, para que sirvamos a los egipcios»? Porque mejor nos hubiera sido servir a los egipcios que morir en el desierto.

Éxodo 14:12 (LBLA)

Ante todo, el pueblo de YHVH es un esclavo liberado. La ética bíblica fluye de la experiencia de la esclavitud y la liberación, YHVH se consagra como el Único del Sinaí, su recordada liberación se convierte en fuerza y canción. El paradigma forjado a partir del pánico de los esclavos y de la liberación que YHVH efectuaría para ellos es una construcción profunda y moldeadora, fuerte y flexible como el acero más fino.

Todo comienza aquí, al borde de un mar inexorable, perseguidos por egipcios que les dan muerte, amargados por la inflexibilidad de un sistema cerrado y asfixiante en el que no pueden ocurrir cosas buenas porque la esclavitud segura es lo mejor que puede haber.

Entonces YHVH divide las aguas.

¿Acaso no había sepulcros en Egipto…

Así, los esclavos hebreos, acosados y aterrorizados, interrogan a su posible liberador mientras la fuerza del imperio se cierra sobre ellos como un muro de Berlín ambulante.

…para que nos sacaras a morir en el desierto?

Éxodo 14:11 (LBL)

Los recuerdos de la esclavitud suelen ser pintorescos.

La retrospectiva de la angustia de la libertad erige vallas pulcras donde no existían, carne roja donde había salvado de avena, tranquilidad donde de hecho se conocía más que nada el látigo del opresor.

El libro del Éxodo sondea no sólo la historia de un pueblo, sino el paisaje de la experiencia humana, pidiendo a su lector que no desvíe la mirada de la inconstancia del corazón que prefiere la seguridad de la ‘casa de servidumbre’ a los lugares abiertos donde hay que depender de un Dios invisible empeñado en lograr la libertad de las hijas y los hijos.

Es, de hecho, un dilema razonable. La esclavitud tiene ventajas que no hay que despreciar. La confianza en cómo son las cosas, la ignominia igualitaria del sufrimiento, la libertad de concentrarse en lo banal en lugar de tener que restregarse constantemente en el imperativo de elegir la vida o la muerte.

La esclavitud hace gala de sus lujos, comodidades que, de hecho, son profundamente atractivas cuando la ausencia de luz en el horizonte ha desgastado el alma hasta la pequeñez.

La libertad en manos de un Dios exigente es lo que un día se llamaría ‘el camino menos transitado’. Es tan temible como hacer ladrillos a cambio de una sopa aguada.

No es prudente sentimentalizar esto que la Biblia hebrea llama ‘salvación’ o ‘liberación’. No es ni autonomía ni descanso. El propio nombre de Israel insinúa que se trata de una lucha con Dios que, con demasiada frecuencia, huye antes del amanecer, dejando sin nombre al luchador agotado y con cojera.

Uno debe preguntarse, o al menos debería preguntarse, por qué la narración bíblica insiste en que se prefiera decididamente. Un Dios oculto, se especula, tiene una riqueza oculta en la liberación que se descubre principalmente en los páramos sin caminos y -a veces- en las casas que otros han construido, en los viñedos que otros han plantado, en los ricos jardines que han dejado labrados quienes los han abandonado a los recién llegados.

It is impossible to engage the enigmatic figure of the Servant of YHWH (עבד יהוה) without the immediate realization that paradox lurks in every syllable. There is no escaping this quality of the Servant figure, and the challenge to a ‘Who is this exactly?’ investigation must be acknowledged from the start. Answers to that particular question may not come easily, they may not come in the singular, and they may not come at all unless the question is reconfigured.

A layer of paradox occurs in the first six verses of Isaiah 49 that is true to the iconic experience of biblical prophets. On the one hand, there is profound divine engagement in their calling to the prophetic vocation. So also here, in the divine purpose that commissions the Servant into his improbable task.

On the other hand, there is a palpable sense of weariness, inadequacy, and even failure in the prophet’s experience. So here in the case of the Servant of YHWH.

Listen to me, O coastlands, pay attention, you peoples from far away! The LORD called me before I was born, while I was in my mother’s womb he named me.

He made my mouth like a sharp sword, in the shadow of his hand he hid me; he made me a polished arrow, in his quiver he hid me away.

And he said to me, ‘You are my servant, Israel, in whom I will be glorified.’

But I said, ‘I have labored in vain, I have spent my strength for nothing and vanity; yet surely my cause is with the LORD, and my reward with my God.’  

And now the LORD says, who formed me in the womb to be his servant, to bring Jacob back to him, and that Israel might be gathered to him, for I am honored in the sight of the LORD, and my God has become my strength—he says, ‘It is too light a thing that you should be my servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob and to restore the survivors of Israel; I will give you as a light to the nations, that my salvation may reach to the end of the earth.’

Isaiah 49:1-6 (NRSV)

The Servant’s prenatal calling and naming introduces the passage. This prior description then gives way to the imagery of YHWH’s preparation of the servant, still rendered in the Servant’s voice. Then a promissory note that might seem like just another brick on the road from glory to glory.

And he said to me, ‘You are my servant, Israel, in whom I will be glorified.’

Isaiah 49:3 (NRSV)

Yet this optimistic anticipation is not borne out, at least in the near term. The progress of the narrative seems trapped in an eddy of perceived insufficiency on the part of the Servant. The emphatically disjunctive ואני אמרתי (‘But I said…’) breaks the hopeful momentum established in the chapter’s first three verses.

The Servant’s complaint is met with divine reassurance that still greater achievements will issue from the Servant’s efforts. Yet this oscillation between divine reassurance on the one hand, self-doubt and exhaustion on the other, will beleaguer the Servant passages or songs for the duration. It is likely that we ought to read the famous passage at the end of chapter 40, with its deployment of יגע (‘to be[come] weary’) and its interaction of exhaustion and divine supply, as cut from the same cloth. This should not surprise us, as it is Jacob/Israel who complains there as it is Jacob/Israel that is identified as the Servant of YHWH in most or arguably all of the so-called Servant Songs.

Why do you say, O Jacob, and speak, O Israel, ‘My way is hidden from the LORD, and my right is disregarded by my God’?

Have you not known? Have you not heard? The LORD is the everlasting God, the Creator of the ends of the earth. He does not faint or grow weary; his understanding is unsearchable.

He gives power to the faint, and strengthens the powerless.

Even youths will faint and be weary, and the young will fall exhausted; but those who wait for the LORD shall renew their strength, they shall mount up with wings like eagles, they shall run and not be weary, they shall walk and not faint.

Isaiah 40:27-31 (NRSV)

Divine purpose and human experience thus live in uneasy tension and persistent dialogue throughout the Servant passages. In the sea of paradox that is Isaiah’s Servant discourse, this restless antithesis constitutes one undeniable drop.

The forty-seventh chapter of the book called Isaiah surprises. It reads as a latter-day oracle against Babylon, something the work might have been expected to have got out of its system by the time the famous oracles against the nations are wrapping up in chapter 23.

Yet here is that venerable Schadenfreude smack in the middle of the book’s most lyrical ‘comfort’ pages, its contempt for Babylon dripping with poetic justice. It is not easy, matters would appear to suggest, to get over Babylon. She does not creep silently into our traumatized past.

An embittered oracle like this does fit comfortably in its current location in one detail: its predilection for the notion of naming and renaming. Often in this section of the book, renaming denotes a redemptive move that radically changes a character’s lot. Such new names are happy ones. They grace the redeemed and are a matter of celebration both in the soul of the renamed and in others who find its syllables delicious on their lips.

The maneuver traffics in two main discursive pieces. First, though less frequently, an actual new name (שׁם חדשׁ) is bestowed.

For Zion’s sake I will not keep silent, and for Jerusalem’s sake I will not rest, until her vindication shines out like the dawn, and her salvation like a burning torch. The nations shall see your vindication, and all the kings your glory; and you shall be called by a new name that the mouth of the LORD will give.

Isaiah 62:1-2 (NRSV)

More frequently, the calling or naming of a collective and personified figure either reminds its members of a true, deeper identity that circumstances might have belied; or it inaugurates for those individuals and the community they comprise a new and elevated status. Typically קרא, to call, is the verb in question.

Violence shall no more be heard in your land, devastation or destruction within your borders; you shall call your walls Salvation, and your gates Praise.

Isaiah 60:18 (NRSV)

In both cases, the outcome is to be welcomed for the naming or renaming heralds new and better days.

In chapter 47, where disgraced Babylon comes under inspection, things are very different. This conversion of a redemptive trope in support of rejoicing over a fallen enemy, occurs already in the chapter’s first verse.

Come down and sit in the dust, virgin daughter Babylon! Sit on the ground without a throne, daughter Chaldea! For you shall no more be called tender and delicate.

Isaiah 47:1 (NRSV)

Then again, after a clarifying note the YHWH, Israel’s Redeemer, is the author of Babylon’s fall and that this is a feature of Israel’s rescue, verse five goes at things once more.

Sit in silence, and go into darkness, daughter Chaldea! For you shall no more be called the mistress of kingdoms.

Isaiah 47:5 (NRSV)

Verse 5, just quoted, is quickly complemented in the terms of Babylon’s own prior reflection on her status:

You said, “I shall be mistress forever,” so that you did not lay these things to heart or remember their end.

Isaiah 47:7 (NRSV)

Babylon’s tragic renaming is in fact a removal of prior appellatives rather than the application of a new one, although the context verbosely supplies descriptors of Babylon’s envisaged new status. That is, three names—Tender, Delicate, Mistress of Kingdoms—are removed and replaced with a studied namelessness.

The effect is powerful, for the context makes clear that the names that have now been stripped from Virgin Daughter Babylon were both crucial to her own self-identity and proffered by her commercial and political clients. This is no private ceremony of judgement but rather a catastrophic judgement executed in full view of Babylon’s erstwhile empire.

Babylon’s envisaged downfall is celebrated here because she stands in for all that opposes YHWH’s purpose to redeem Jacob/Israel. Among a range of candidates, Babylon has become something greater than herself. She is a loathsome symbol of all that stands in the way.

No wonder, then, that Babylon becomes in subsequent reflection a cipher for the worst of humanity’s worst, not least in the literature of a renamed Israel that sees itself in continuity with its historical and spiritual predecessor.

He called out with a mighty voice, “Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great! It has become a dwelling place of demons, a haunt of every foul spirit, a haunt of every foul and hateful bird, a haunt of every foul and hateful beast. 

(T)hey will stand far off, in fear of her torment, and say, “Alas, alas, the great city, Babylon, the mighty city! For in one hour your judgment has come.”

Then a mighty angel took up a stone like a great millstone and threw it into the sea, saying, “With such violence Babylon the great city will be thrown down, and will be found no more.”

Revelation 18:2, 10, 21 (NRSV)

There is in the biblical literature of justice, theodicy, and eschatological trajectory something of a zero-sum game. YHWH is at his most ferocious not out of ephemeral pique or caprice, but rather when facing down unyielding resistance to his determination to redeem. The Bible’s literature is in the main not gratuitously vengeful. But yes, when it comes to this, there is some dancing on an a tyrant’s grave.

The forty-fifth chapter of Isaiah summons up one of the Hebrew Bible’s several ‘sovereignty discourses’. In these a superior—YHWH in most cases—puts in his purported place a lesser who has lodged a complaint. Modern sensitivities are quick to cry ‘Bully!’, and at points this seems a viable charge.

In any case, the discourse describes a moral architecture in which the participants’ relative rank is not in question. The lesser in this arrangement is to practice a certain compliance before the greater. It’s just the ways things are.

Woe to you who strive with your Maker, earthen vessels with the potter! Does the clay say to the one who fashions it, “What are you making”? or “Your work has no handles”?

Woe to anyone who says to a father, “What are you begetting?” or to a woman, “With what are you in labor?”

Thus says the LORD, the Holy One of Israel, and its Maker: Will you question me about my children, or command me concerning the work of my hands?

Isaiah 45:9-11 (NRSV)

Such rhetoric is transparent enough in the abstract. Yet there is usually a concrete context that lends poignance and occasionally brings a justifying note to its sharp edges.

That is certainly the case here, where the Persian king Cyrus appears both before and after the ‘woes’ and the rhetorical questions that populate this sovereignty discourse. Indeed, it appears that YHWH’s choice to anoint and then deploy a pagan king for the benefit of his ‘servant’ Jacob lies at the very genesis of the quoted passage.

One must admit at the outset that the circumstances portrayed here defy expectation.

In the first verse, YHWH calls Cyrus his anointed one. The Hebrew word משיח (his servant = משיחו) will in due course become the main generator of the English ‘messiah’, which is in fact merely a transcription of the Hebrew noun. What is more, YHWH claims to have grasped Cyrus by the hand. Together the two expressions lay a foundation for the virtually unlimited conquest of the known world which is promised to the Persian king in the ensuing verses.

One might find it agreeable to imagine Israel as subject and object of this description. Israel, YHWH’s anointed, strengthened by YHWH’s own grasp. But Cyrus, the pagan king and Persian successor to Babylon’s empire? The plot has taken a new and disturbing turn.

The only limitation to the intimacy and collaboration that lock YHWH and Cyrus together as imperial co-conspirators is the twice-stated concessive clause ‘though you do not know me’ (verses 4-5), which is spoken of Cyrus. Paradoxically, Cyrus is anointed as YHWH’s own subduer of nations, yet he is not conceded the merit of knowing YHWH that remains somehow Jacob’s prerogative. Indeed, the entire anomaly that is Cyrus takes shape for Jacob’s benefit. Neither Cyrus nor his Persian nation supplants Jacob/Israel. Yet Cyrus is granted both a tactical intimacy with YHWH and strengthening by YHWH, all for the sake of Jacob/Israel.

For the sake of my servant Jacob, and Israel my chosen, I call you by your name, I surname you, though you do not know me.

Isaiah 45:4 (NRSV)

If this description of circumstances commends itself, then we return to the question of what generates the sovereignty discourse of this chapter, with its potentially humiliating subjugation of Israel to YHWH in the figures of earthen vessels to potter, clay to divine molder, child to parents.

It appears that Israel’s implicit objection to YHWH redeeming his people in this Cyrus-centric way is the motivation for this dense and complex metaphor. No other dynamic in the context commends itself, it would be uncharacteristically abstract for the comment to come to us as a mere moral instruction, and—once glimpsed with clarity—Israel’s complaint about YHWH’s redemptive methodology fits perfectly with the chapter’s argument.

Even the culminating declaration of the chapter’s first unit (verses 1-7) stands out in sharper profile if YHWH’s deployment of Cyrus is seen to be the centerpoint around which the discourse revolves:

I form light and create darkness, I make weal and create woe; I the LORD do all these things.

Isaiah 45:7 (NRSV)

YHWH, it seems, presents himself here as the Lord of Exile as well as of Return, the Master of Cyrus as much as Jacob’s God. The text does not allow YHWH to shirk responsibility for darkness and woe, which in context must involve at least the calamity of exile in a way that excludes neither Babylon’s nor Persia’s role. Indeed, YHWH names himself darkness’ architect and maker.

‘You’re going to redeem Jacob’s children this way?’, one imagines a faithful old Judean man complaining in his most earnest prayers, lips trembling with indignation. ‘Will you sully your hands in clasp with this pagan king?’

‘There is no one like me’, comes YHWH’s reply, failing to conceal a shiver of divine delight.

Al huir de sus capataces egipcios bajo la media verdad de adorar a YHVH en el Sinaí, los esclavos hebreos mostraron una capacidad de miopía extraordinaria. ‘¿No había tumbas en Egipto?”, se burlaron de Moisés. ‘¿Por eso nos has traído aquí a morir?’

Sin embargo, con la promesa palpable de los huesos de José, atrapados entre la servidumbre negociada y la libertad audaz, los quejumbrosos ‘hijos de Israel’ merecen un poco de empatía. La esclavitud, una cantidad conocida, puede, al menos, sobrevivir. La libertad es potencialmente letal. 

Uno muere fácilmente en libertad. Un captor está obligado a alimentar a su esclavo aunque sólo sea para sacarle el sudor de otro día. Optar por la libertad requiere un cálculo muy duro. Sus beneficios se ven empañados por el peligro.

Frente a este enigma, el texto sitúa el acompañamiento constante de YHVH:

El Señor iba delante de ellos, de día en una columna de nube para guiarlos por el camino, y de noche en una columna de fuego para alumbrarlos, a fin de que anduvieran de día y de noche. No quitó de delante del pueblo la columna de nube durante el día, ni la columna de fuego durante la noche.

Éxodo 13:21-22 (LBLA)

La cercanía de YHVH rompe la lógica de la desesperación o, al menos, inyecta una variable que, potencialmente, multiplica las opciones y desmecaniza el determinismo de las elecciones menos malas.

Los refugiados ya no viajan a ciegas. El pilar de la nube de YHVH los guía.

Los esclavos que juguetean con las posibilidades de liberación tienen más de una opción cuando la oscuridad cae sobre su compañía. Todavía pueden aprovechar la noche, es cierto, para algún descanso necesario. Pero pueden optar por seguir adelante, si así lo desean.

De repente, ‘hebreos’ no significa ‘personas definidas y determinadas por quienes las utilizan’.

La presencia de YHVH abre la peligrosa posibilidad de decidir. Su proximidad no es ni fugaz ni efímera, nos dice el texto a través del relato de los esclavos quejumbrosos en su camino hacia una nueva identidad.

De día o de noche, nunca se va. Así comienza el libro del Éxodo a definir la ‘libertad’.